![]() ![]() In 1883 the Supreme Court ruled in the Civil Rights Cases that the Act was invalid because it addressed social as opposed to civil rights. Several challenges to the law were mounted in the courts. Under the Civil Rights Act of 1875, racial discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels, railroads, and theaters was prohibited. By 1900, segregation was institutionalized throughout the South, and the civil rights of blacks were sharply curtailed. Consequently, the overwhelming majority of African‐Americans were tied to the land as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. ![]() ![]() Mill owners preferred to use white women and children rather than blacks, who were increasingly portrayed as lazy, ignorant, and shiftless. Although a small percentage of African‐Americans found work in the new iron foundries and steel mills, they were generally barred from the textile mills that grew into the region's major industry. In the states of the former Confederacy, despite all the calls for a New South in the years after Reconstruction, tensions continued to center upon the relations between blacks and whites. ![]() In much of the country in the late nineteenth century, social tensions were defined in terms of rich versus poor, native‐born versus immigrant, and worker versus capitalist.
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